Overview

Varicella, commonly known as chickenpox, is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It primarily affects children, but unvaccinated adults can also contract it. The disease is characterised by an itchy, blister-like rash that appears first on the chest, back, and face before spreading to the rest of the body. Other symptoms include fever, fatigue, and headache.

Chickenpox spreads easily through respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes or direct contact with the fluid from the blisters. The infection is contagious from about two days before the rash appears until all the blisters have formed scabs.

Most cases of chickenpox are mild and resolve on their own within a week or two. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, such as using calamine lotion for itching, keeping fingernails trimmed to prevent skin infections from scratching, and staying hydrated. Over-the-counter medications like paracetamol can help reduce fever and discomfort.

Complications, although rare, can occur, especially in infants, adults, pregnant women, and individuals with weakened immune systems. These complications can include bacterial infections of the skin, pneumonia, and encephalitis.

Vaccination is the best way to prevent chickenpox. The varicella vaccine is part of the routine childhood immunisation schedule and is highly effective at preventing the disease. For those who have already contracted chickenpox, the virus remains dormant in the body and can reactivate later in life as shingles.